000000

Self-heating can

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search






Structure of a self heating can
A Self-heating can is an enhancement of the common food can. Self-heating cans have dual chambers, one surrounding the other.

In one version, the inner chamber holds the food or drink, and the outer chamber houses chemicals that undergo an exothermic reaction when combined. When the user wants to heat the contents of the can, a ring on the can when pulled breaks the barrier that keeps apart the chemicals in the outer chamber from the water. In another type, the chemicals are in the inner chamber and the beverage surrounds it in the outer chamber. To heat the contents of the can, the user pushes on the bottom of the can to break the barrier separating the chemical from the water. This design has the advantages of being more efficient (less heat is lost to the surrounding air) as well as reducing excessive heating of the product's exterior, causing possible discomfort to the user. In either case, after the heat from the reaction has been absorbed by the food, the user can enjoy a hot meal or drink.

Self-heating cans offer benefits to campers and people without access to a microwave oven, stove or camp-fire, but the technology is not yet common. This is because self-heating cans are considerably more expensive than the conventional type, they have problems with uneven heating of their contents, and the heater takes up considerable package space.



Contents  [hide]
1 Technology
2 See also
3 References 3.1 Books, general references

4 External links


Technology[edit]

The source of the heat for the self-heated can is an exothermic reaction that the user initiates by pressing on the bottom of the can. The can is manufactured as three containers. A container for the beverage surrounds a container of the heating agent separated from a container of water by a thin breakable membrane. When the user pushes on the bottom of the can, a rod pierces the membrane, allowing the water and heating agent to mix. The resulting reaction releases heat thus warms the beverage surrounding it.[1]

The heating agent and responsible reaction vary from product to product. Calcium oxide is used in the following reaction:
CaO(s)+ H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s)
Copper sulfate and powdered zinc can also be used, but this process is less efficient:
CuSO4(s) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4(s) + Cu(s)
Anhydrous calcium chloride is often used as well. In this case, no chemical reaction occurs, instead the heat of solution is generated.

A typical self-heating can consists of 2 chambers and a lid: 1 for solid component; 1 for liquid. When you pierce the lid, the liquid component mixes with the solid one and starts an exothermic chemical reaction. The most common chemicals for the self heating can are Al + Mg + Zn or CaO (solid component), and HCl or H2O as liquid.

See also[edit]
Flameless ration heater
Beverage can
Self-heating food packaging

References[edit]

1.Jump up ^ Container with integral module for heating or cooling the contents - Patent 5461867

Books, general references[edit]
Yam, K.L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6

External links[edit]
An article on the concept
Single-serving coffee can heats itself
Will Self-Heating Coffee Be Cool?
BBC News Online - Hot drink can tested in Midlands
An article with photos on disassembly



[hide]
v ·
t ·
e
 

Packaging



General topics

Active packaging ·
Child-resistant packaging ·
Food packaging ·
Package pilferage ·
Package testing ·
Packaging engineering ·
Pharmaceutical packaging ·
Reusable packaging ·
Shelf life ·
Tamper-evident ·
Tamper resistance ·
Wrap rage
 


Containers

Aerosol spray ·
Aluminium bottle ·
Aluminum can ·
Ampoule ·
Antistatic bag ·
Bag-in-box ·
Barrel ·
Biodegradable bag ·
Blister pack ·
Bottle ·
Box ·
Bulk box ·
Carboy ·
Carton ·
Chub ·
Clamshell ·
Corrugated box design ·
Crate ·
Drum ·
Envelope ·
Flexible intermediate bulk container ·
Foam food container ·
Folding carton ·
Insulated shipping container ·
Intermediate bulk container ·
Jar ·
Juicebox ·
Keg ·
Multi-pack ·
Padded mailer ·
Pail ·
Paper bag ·
Paper sack ·
Plastic bag ·
Plastic bottle ·
Popcorn bag ·
Retort pouch ·
Sachet ·
Self-heating can ·
Self-heating food packaging ·
Shipping container ·
Skin pack ·
Spray bottle ·
Tin can ·
Tube ·
Unit load ·
Wooden box
 


Materials and
components

Adhesive ·
Aluminium foil ·
BoPET ·
Bubble wrap ·
Cellophane ·
Closure ·
Coated paper ·
Corrugated fiberboard ·
Corrugated plastic ·
Cushioning ·
Desiccant ·
Foam peanut ·
Glass ·
Hot-melt adhesive ·
Label ·
Linear low-density polyethylene ·
Liquid packaging board ·
Low-density polyethylene ·
Metallised film ·
Modified atmosphere ·
Molded pulp ·
Nonwoven fabric ·
Overwrap ·
Oxygen scavenger ·
Packaging gas ·
Pallet ·
Paper ·
Paper pallet ·
Paperboard ·
Plastic film ·
Plastic pallet ·
Plastic wrap ·
Polyester ·
Polyethylene ·
Polypropylene ·
Pressure-sensitive tape ·
Screw cap ·
Screw cap (wine) ·
Security printing ·
Security seal ·
Shock and vibration data logger ·
Shrink wrap ·
Slip sheet ·
Strapping ·
Stretch wrap ·
Susceptor ·
Temperature data logger ·
Time temperature indicator ·
Tinplate ·
Velostat
 


Processes

Aseptic processing ·
Authentication ·
Automatic identification and data capture ·
Blow fill seal ·
Blow molding ·
Calendering ·
Canning ·
Containerization ·
Curtain Coating ·
Die cutting ·
Electronic article surveillance ·
Extrusion ·
Extrusion coating ·
Graphic design ·
HACCP ·
Hermetic seal ·
Induction sealing ·
Injection molding ·
Laminating ·
Laser cutting ·
Molding ·
Papermaking ·
Plastic welding ·
Plastics extrusion ·
Printing ·
Quality assurance ·
Radio-frequency identification ·
Roll slitting ·
Shearing (manufacturing) ·
Track and trace ·
Vacuum forming ·
Ultrasonic welding ·
Vacuum packaging ·
Verification and validation
 


Machinery

Barcode printer ·
Barcode reader ·
Bottling line ·
Can seamer ·
Cartoning machine ·
Check weigher ·
Conveyor system ·
Extended core stretch wrapper ·
Filler ·
Heat gun ·
Heat sealer ·
Industrial robot ·
Injection molding machine ·
Label printer applicator ·
Lineshaft roller conveyor ·
Logistics automation ·
Material handling equipment ·
Mechanical brake stretch wrapper ·
Multihead weigher ·
Orbital stretch wrapping ·
Palletizer ·
Rotary wheel blow molding systems ·
Shrink tunnel ·
Staple gun ·
Tape dispenser ·
Turntable stretch wrapper ·
Vertical form fill sealing machine
 


Environment,
post-use

Biodegradation ·
Environmental engineering ·
Glass recycling ·
Industrial ecology ·
Life-cycle assessment ·
Litter ·
Paper recycling ·
Plastic recycling ·
Recycling ·
Reusable packaging ·
Source reduction ·
Sustainable packaging ·
Waste management
 

 



Categories: Canned food
Food storage containers
Serving and dining



Navigation menu




Create account
Log in




Article


Talk











Read


Edit


View history











    







Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
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Interaction

Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page


Tools

What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page


Print/export

Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version


Languages

Deutsch

Edit links

This page was last modified on 8 September 2014 at 19:12.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view

Self-heating can

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search






Structure of a self heating can
A Self-heating can is an enhancement of the common food can. Self-heating cans have dual chambers, one surrounding the other.

In one version, the inner chamber holds the food or drink, and the outer chamber houses chemicals that undergo an exothermic reaction when combined. When the user wants to heat the contents of the can, a ring on the can when pulled breaks the barrier that keeps apart the chemicals in the outer chamber from the water. In another type, the chemicals are in the inner chamber and the beverage surrounds it in the outer chamber. To heat the contents of the can, the user pushes on the bottom of the can to break the barrier separating the chemical from the water. This design has the advantages of being more efficient (less heat is lost to the surrounding air) as well as reducing excessive heating of the product's exterior, causing possible discomfort to the user. In either case, after the heat from the reaction has been absorbed by the food, the user can enjoy a hot meal or drink.

Self-heating cans offer benefits to campers and people without access to a microwave oven, stove or camp-fire, but the technology is not yet common. This is because self-heating cans are considerably more expensive than the conventional type, they have problems with uneven heating of their contents, and the heater takes up considerable package space.



Contents  [hide]
1 Technology
2 See also
3 References 3.1 Books, general references

4 External links


Technology[edit]

The source of the heat for the self-heated can is an exothermic reaction that the user initiates by pressing on the bottom of the can. The can is manufactured as three containers. A container for the beverage surrounds a container of the heating agent separated from a container of water by a thin breakable membrane. When the user pushes on the bottom of the can, a rod pierces the membrane, allowing the water and heating agent to mix. The resulting reaction releases heat thus warms the beverage surrounding it.[1]

The heating agent and responsible reaction vary from product to product. Calcium oxide is used in the following reaction:
CaO(s)+ H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s)
Copper sulfate and powdered zinc can also be used, but this process is less efficient:
CuSO4(s) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4(s) + Cu(s)
Anhydrous calcium chloride is often used as well. In this case, no chemical reaction occurs, instead the heat of solution is generated.

A typical self-heating can consists of 2 chambers and a lid: 1 for solid component; 1 for liquid. When you pierce the lid, the liquid component mixes with the solid one and starts an exothermic chemical reaction. The most common chemicals for the self heating can are Al + Mg + Zn or CaO (solid component), and HCl or H2O as liquid.

See also[edit]
Flameless ration heater
Beverage can
Self-heating food packaging

References[edit]

1.Jump up ^ Container with integral module for heating or cooling the contents - Patent 5461867

Books, general references[edit]
Yam, K.L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6

External links[edit]
An article on the concept
Single-serving coffee can heats itself
Will Self-Heating Coffee Be Cool?
BBC News Online - Hot drink can tested in Midlands
An article with photos on disassembly



[hide]
v ·
t ·
e
 

Packaging



General topics

Active packaging ·
Child-resistant packaging ·
Food packaging ·
Package pilferage ·
Package testing ·
Packaging engineering ·
Pharmaceutical packaging ·
Reusable packaging ·
Shelf life ·
Tamper-evident ·
Tamper resistance ·
Wrap rage
 


Containers

Aerosol spray ·
Aluminium bottle ·
Aluminum can ·
Ampoule ·
Antistatic bag ·
Bag-in-box ·
Barrel ·
Biodegradable bag ·
Blister pack ·
Bottle ·
Box ·
Bulk box ·
Carboy ·
Carton ·
Chub ·
Clamshell ·
Corrugated box design ·
Crate ·
Drum ·
Envelope ·
Flexible intermediate bulk container ·
Foam food container ·
Folding carton ·
Insulated shipping container ·
Intermediate bulk container ·
Jar ·
Juicebox ·
Keg ·
Multi-pack ·
Padded mailer ·
Pail ·
Paper bag ·
Paper sack ·
Plastic bag ·
Plastic bottle ·
Popcorn bag ·
Retort pouch ·
Sachet ·
Self-heating can ·
Self-heating food packaging ·
Shipping container ·
Skin pack ·
Spray bottle ·
Tin can ·
Tube ·
Unit load ·
Wooden box
 


Materials and
components

Adhesive ·
Aluminium foil ·
BoPET ·
Bubble wrap ·
Cellophane ·
Closure ·
Coated paper ·
Corrugated fiberboard ·
Corrugated plastic ·
Cushioning ·
Desiccant ·
Foam peanut ·
Glass ·
Hot-melt adhesive ·
Label ·
Linear low-density polyethylene ·
Liquid packaging board ·
Low-density polyethylene ·
Metallised film ·
Modified atmosphere ·
Molded pulp ·
Nonwoven fabric ·
Overwrap ·
Oxygen scavenger ·
Packaging gas ·
Pallet ·
Paper ·
Paper pallet ·
Paperboard ·
Plastic film ·
Plastic pallet ·
Plastic wrap ·
Polyester ·
Polyethylene ·
Polypropylene ·
Pressure-sensitive tape ·
Screw cap ·
Screw cap (wine) ·
Security printing ·
Security seal ·
Shock and vibration data logger ·
Shrink wrap ·
Slip sheet ·
Strapping ·
Stretch wrap ·
Susceptor ·
Temperature data logger ·
Time temperature indicator ·
Tinplate ·
Velostat
 


Processes

Aseptic processing ·
Authentication ·
Automatic identification and data capture ·
Blow fill seal ·
Blow molding ·
Calendering ·
Canning ·
Containerization ·
Curtain Coating ·
Die cutting ·
Electronic article surveillance ·
Extrusion ·
Extrusion coating ·
Graphic design ·
HACCP ·
Hermetic seal ·
Induction sealing ·
Injection molding ·
Laminating ·
Laser cutting ·
Molding ·
Papermaking ·
Plastic welding ·
Plastics extrusion ·
Printing ·
Quality assurance ·
Radio-frequency identification ·
Roll slitting ·
Shearing (manufacturing) ·
Track and trace ·
Vacuum forming ·
Ultrasonic welding ·
Vacuum packaging ·
Verification and validation
 


Machinery

Barcode printer ·
Barcode reader ·
Bottling line ·
Can seamer ·
Cartoning machine ·
Check weigher ·
Conveyor system ·
Extended core stretch wrapper ·
Filler ·
Heat gun ·
Heat sealer ·
Industrial robot ·
Injection molding machine ·
Label printer applicator ·
Lineshaft roller conveyor ·
Logistics automation ·
Material handling equipment ·
Mechanical brake stretch wrapper ·
Multihead weigher ·
Orbital stretch wrapping ·
Palletizer ·
Rotary wheel blow molding systems ·
Shrink tunnel ·
Staple gun ·
Tape dispenser ·
Turntable stretch wrapper ·
Vertical form fill sealing machine
 


Environment,
post-use

Biodegradation ·
Environmental engineering ·
Glass recycling ·
Industrial ecology ·
Life-cycle assessment ·
Litter ·
Paper recycling ·
Plastic recycling ·
Recycling ·
Reusable packaging ·
Source reduction ·
Sustainable packaging ·
Waste management
 

 



Categories: Canned food
Food storage containers
Serving and dining



Navigation menu




Create account
Log in




Article


Talk











Read


Edit


View history











    







Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop


Interaction

Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page


Tools

What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page


Print/export

Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version


Languages

Deutsch

Edit links

This page was last modified on 8 September 2014 at 19:12.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view

Self-heating can

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search






Structure of a self heating can
A Self-heating can is an enhancement of the common food can. Self-heating cans have dual chambers, one surrounding the other.

In one version, the inner chamber holds the food or drink, and the outer chamber houses chemicals that undergo an exothermic reaction when combined. When the user wants to heat the contents of the can, a ring on the can when pulled breaks the barrier that keeps apart the chemicals in the outer chamber from the water. In another type, the chemicals are in the inner chamber and the beverage surrounds it in the outer chamber. To heat the contents of the can, the user pushes on the bottom of the can to break the barrier separating the chemical from the water. This design has the advantages of being more efficient (less heat is lost to the surrounding air) as well as reducing excessive heating of the product's exterior, causing possible discomfort to the user. In either case, after the heat from the reaction has been absorbed by the food, the user can enjoy a hot meal or drink.

Self-heating cans offer benefits to campers and people without access to a microwave oven, stove or camp-fire, but the technology is not yet common. This is because self-heating cans are considerably more expensive than the conventional type, they have problems with uneven heating of their contents, and the heater takes up considerable package space.



Contents  [hide]
1 Technology
2 See also
3 References 3.1 Books, general references

4 External links


Technology[edit]

The source of the heat for the self-heated can is an exothermic reaction that the user initiates by pressing on the bottom of the can. The can is manufactured as three containers. A container for the beverage surrounds a container of the heating agent separated from a container of water by a thin breakable membrane. When the user pushes on the bottom of the can, a rod pierces the membrane, allowing the water and heating agent to mix. The resulting reaction releases heat thus warms the beverage surrounding it.[1]

The heating agent and responsible reaction vary from product to product. Calcium oxide is used in the following reaction:
CaO(s)+ H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s)
Copper sulfate and powdered zinc can also be used, but this process is less efficient:
CuSO4(s) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4(s) + Cu(s)
Anhydrous calcium chloride is often used as well. In this case, no chemical reaction occurs, instead the heat of solution is generated.

A typical self-heating can consists of 2 chambers and a lid: 1 for solid component; 1 for liquid. When you pierce the lid, the liquid component mixes with the solid one and starts an exothermic chemical reaction. The most common chemicals for the self heating can are Al + Mg + Zn or CaO (solid component), and HCl or H2O as liquid.

See also[edit]
Flameless ration heater
Beverage can
Self-heating food packaging

References[edit]

1.Jump up ^ Container with integral module for heating or cooling the contents - Patent 5461867

Books, general references[edit]
Yam, K.L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6

External links[edit]
An article on the concept
Single-serving coffee can heats itself
Will Self-Heating Coffee Be Cool?
BBC News Online - Hot drink can tested in Midlands
An article with photos on disassembly



[hide]
v ·
t ·
e
 

Packaging



General topics

Active packaging ·
Child-resistant packaging ·
Food packaging ·
Package pilferage ·
Package testing ·
Packaging engineering ·
Pharmaceutical packaging ·
Reusable packaging ·
Shelf life ·
Tamper-evident ·
Tamper resistance ·
Wrap rage
 


Containers

Aerosol spray ·
Aluminium bottle ·
Aluminum can ·
Ampoule ·
Antistatic bag ·
Bag-in-box ·
Barrel ·
Biodegradable bag ·
Blister pack ·
Bottle ·
Box ·
Bulk box ·
Carboy ·
Carton ·
Chub ·
Clamshell ·
Corrugated box design ·
Crate ·
Drum ·
Envelope ·
Flexible intermediate bulk container ·
Foam food container ·
Folding carton ·
Insulated shipping container ·
Intermediate bulk container ·
Jar ·
Juicebox ·
Keg ·
Multi-pack ·
Padded mailer ·
Pail ·
Paper bag ·
Paper sack ·
Plastic bag ·
Plastic bottle ·
Popcorn bag ·
Retort pouch ·
Sachet ·
Self-heating can ·
Self-heating food packaging ·
Shipping container ·
Skin pack ·
Spray bottle ·
Tin can ·
Tube ·
Unit load ·
Wooden box
 


Materials and
components

Adhesive ·
Aluminium foil ·
BoPET ·
Bubble wrap ·
Cellophane ·
Closure ·
Coated paper ·
Corrugated fiberboard ·
Corrugated plastic ·
Cushioning ·
Desiccant ·
Foam peanut ·
Glass ·
Hot-melt adhesive ·
Label ·
Linear low-density polyethylene ·
Liquid packaging board ·
Low-density polyethylene ·
Metallised film ·
Modified atmosphere ·
Molded pulp ·
Nonwoven fabric ·
Overwrap ·
Oxygen scavenger ·
Packaging gas ·
Pallet ·
Paper ·
Paper pallet ·
Paperboard ·
Plastic film ·
Plastic pallet ·
Plastic wrap ·
Polyester ·
Polyethylene ·
Polypropylene ·
Pressure-sensitive tape ·
Screw cap ·
Screw cap (wine) ·
Security printing ·
Security seal ·
Shock and vibration data logger ·
Shrink wrap ·
Slip sheet ·
Strapping ·
Stretch wrap ·
Susceptor ·
Temperature data logger ·
Time temperature indicator ·
Tinplate ·
Velostat
 


Processes

Aseptic processing ·
Authentication ·
Automatic identification and data capture ·
Blow fill seal ·
Blow molding ·
Calendering ·
Canning ·
Containerization ·
Curtain Coating ·
Die cutting ·
Electronic article surveillance ·
Extrusion ·
Extrusion coating ·
Graphic design ·
HACCP ·
Hermetic seal ·
Induction sealing ·
Injection molding ·
Laminating ·
Laser cutting ·
Molding ·
Papermaking ·
Plastic welding ·
Plastics extrusion ·
Printing ·
Quality assurance ·
Radio-frequency identification ·
Roll slitting ·
Shearing (manufacturing) ·
Track and trace ·
Vacuum forming ·
Ultrasonic welding ·
Vacuum packaging ·
Verification and validation
 


Machinery

Barcode printer ·
Barcode reader ·
Bottling line ·
Can seamer ·
Cartoning machine ·
Check weigher ·
Conveyor system ·
Extended core stretch wrapper ·
Filler ·
Heat gun ·
Heat sealer ·
Industrial robot ·
Injection molding machine ·
Label printer applicator ·
Lineshaft roller conveyor ·
Logistics automation ·
Material handling equipment ·
Mechanical brake stretch wrapper ·
Multihead weigher ·
Orbital stretch wrapping ·
Palletizer ·
Rotary wheel blow molding systems ·
Shrink tunnel ·
Staple gun ·
Tape dispenser ·
Turntable stretch wrapper ·
Vertical form fill sealing machine
 


Environment,
post-use

Biodegradation ·
Environmental engineering ·
Glass recycling ·
Industrial ecology ·
Life-cycle assessment ·
Litter ·
Paper recycling ·
Plastic recycling ·
Recycling ·
Reusable packaging ·
Source reduction ·
Sustainable packaging ·
Waste management
 

 



Categories: Canned food
Food storage containers
Serving and dining



Navigation menu




Create account
Log in




Article


Talk











Read


Edit


View history











    







Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop


Interaction

Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page


Tools

What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page


Print/export

Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version


Languages

Deutsch

Edit links

This page was last modified on 8 September 2014 at 19:12.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view

1.    ¿Cómo se llama tu colegio?
Se llama St John Fisher  y hay mil alumnos. Me gusta mi colegio

2.    ¿Qué asignatura te gusta?
Me gusta _________________ porque es interesante y útil

3.    ¿Qué asignatura no te gusta?
No me gusta ______________ porque es aburrido y difícil

4.    ¿Cuántos deberes tienes?
Tengo dos horas por día y es muy aburrido

5.    ¿A qué hora empieza el colegio?
Empieza a las nueve y termina a las tres

6.    ¿ Cuánto tiempo dura el recreo?
Dura quince minutos

7.    ¿ Llevas uniforme?

Revision Guide

Unit B061: ICT in Today’s World























ict@zigzageducation.co.uk
zigzageducation.co.uk






















Contents

Thank You for Choosing ZigZag Education    iii
Teacher Feedback Opportunity    iv
Terms and Conditions of Use    v
Teacher’s Introduction    1
Revision Checklist    2
1. ICT SYSTEMS    3
1.1. Systems    3
Components of a Computer System    3
Types of Computer System    3
Hardware and Software    3
1.2. Hardware    4
Input Devices    4
Output Devices    7
Storage Devices    9
Communication Devices    10
User Interfaces    10
1.3. Software    11
Systems Software    11
Application Software    11
Programming Software    12
File Types    12
ICT Systems – Revision Questions    13
2. EXCHANGING INFORMATION    14
2.1. Communications    14
Communication Services    14
Sharing, Exchanging and Managing Information    15
Communications Software    15
Remote Access to Computer Systems    16
Monitoring and Tracking Systems    17
Emerging Technologies    17
Exchanging Information – Revision Questions    18
3. PRESENTING INFORMATION    19
Word Processing and DTP Software    19
Slideshow Software Features    19
Multimedia Software Features    19
Web Authoring Software Features    19
4. MANIPULATING DATA    20
4.1. Data Management    20
Data Types    20
Encoding Data    20
Data Collection Methods    21
Validation    22
Verification    22
4.2. Data Handling Software    23
Features of Spreadsheets    23
Formulae and Functions    23
Data Modelling    24
Features of a Database    24
Flat File and  Relational Databases    25
Manipulating Data – Revision Questions    26
5. KEEPING DATA SAFE AND SECURE    27
Backups and Archiving    27
Protecting Data    27
Data Encryption    27
Malware    28
Hacking    28
Keeping Data Safe and Secure – Revision Questions    29
6. LEGAL, SOCIAL, ETHICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES WHEN USING ICT    30
Computer Misuse Act 1990    30
Data Protection Act 1998    30
Personal Data Guardianship Code    31
Copyright Law    31
Health and Safety Issues    32
Accessibility    32
Issues When Using ICT – Revision Questions    33
7. USING ICT SYSTEMS    34
7.1. How ICT Systems are Used    34
Using Computer Systems    34
Selection and Adjustment of System Settings and User Preferences    34
Management of Folder Structure and Files    35
Networks    36
7.2. Troubleshooting    37
Common Problems and Solutions    37
Software and Hardware Problems    37
Using ICT Systems – Revision Questions    38
8. MONITORING, MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY    39
Sensors    39
Data Logging    39
Controlling Devices    40
Control-Feedback Loop    41
Monitoring and Control Technology – Revision Questions    42
9. ICT AND MODERN LIVING    43
Online Banking and Shopping    43
Changing Pattern of Employment    43
Collaboration    43
Using The Internet    45
Answers    46




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Teacher’s Introduction

This resource is to be used for revision purposes.  The guide covers the key information for each topic in Unit B061 of the OCR GCSE ICT specification (for first teaching September 2010).

There are also end-of-topic revision questions, with answers at the back of the resource.

Note that there may be other acceptable answers than those given, and it as the teacher’s discretion as to whether alternative responses should be rewarded or not.

There Revision Checklist on page 2 should be used by students to keep a record of their revision progress and to identify any areas that require strengthening.


Revision Checklist


Use the checklist below to keep a record of your revision progress.  Tick or shade in each of the boxes on the right to show how confident you’re feeling about each topic.  The aim is to reach the


                                
1.    ICT Systems    
1.1    Systems                
1.2    Hardware                
1.3    Software                

2.    Exchanging Information    
2.1    Communications            

3.    Presenting Information                

4.    Manipulating Data    
4.1    Data Management            
4.2    Data Handling Software            

5.    Keeping Data Safe and Secure                

6.    Legal, Social, Ethical and Environmental issues when using ICT            

7.    Using ICT Systems
7.1    How ICT systems are Used            
7.2    Troubleshooting            

8.    Monitoring, Measurement and Control Technology            

9    ICT and Modern Living            








1. ICT SYSTEMS

1.1. Systems

Components of a Computer System

Processing
•    At the heart of a computer system is the CPU (central processing unit).  Modern computers often have multiple-core (e.g. dual/quad) processors, allowing the computer to work faster.
•    The CPU’s job is important: to perform all the instructions and calculations required for the computer to function.  It comes in the form of a silicon chip, known as a microprocessor.
•    The motherboard is a PCB (printed circuit board) which holds many of the system’s vital components, including the CPU and dedicated sound cards and video cards.

Input and Output Devices
•    Input devices allow users to enter data into a system.  Examples include keyboards and scanners.
•    Output devices allow the system to transfer, or display (output) data.  Examples include printers and monitors.

Internal Memory
Computers need memory to hold information when they are working, just like humans. There are two types of internal memory:
•    ROM (read-only) contains the commands that are designed to be read only, such as the system’s boot-up instructions.
•    RAM (random-access) holds the data needed by the programs currently in use.  
The data is stored in the memory temporarily and lost when the PC is switched off.  

Backing Storage
Computers need to store files after the computer has been switched off.  The most common device used for this is a hard drive.  These are not designed for transferring data between systems, although you can get external hard drives for this purpose.  In addition to external hard drives, most computers have drives for removable devices, including memory sticks and CD/DVDs.

Types of Computer System

Personal Computers – these are general-purpose computers and include desktop computers, laptops, netbooks, notebooks, tablets, PDAs, smartphones and other handheld devices.  Typical software applications include word processing, spreadsheets, databases, e-mail clients, playback and gaming.

Mainframe Computers – these are power computers mostly used by large organisations for processing and storing large amounts of information. Commonly used for financial transaction processing.

Super Computers – these perform calculations faster than any other type of computer.  For this reason they are best suited to perform complex calculations for simulation and modelling, often in the field of scientific research.


Hardware and Software

•    Hardware refers to the actual parts of a computer system. These include
processing, input, output and storage devices as mentioned above.
•    Software provides the instructions that the system needs in order to carry out tasks required by the user.
•    Hardware is physical (it can be touched), whereas software isn’t (it consists of program code and data files).
•    Hardware and software work together.  Hardware needs software to translate the user’s actions into instructions that it can understand and execute.  Without hardware, this software cannot be used at all.

1.2. Hardware

Input Devices

Keyboard
Keyboards are the most commonly used input device.
The UK version is known as the QWERTY keyboard.

Some disadvantages of a keyboard are:

•    It is easy to copy the data wrongly from a document
•    Data entry operators are prone to repetitive strain injury (RSI)

In addition to standard keyboards, there are also ergonomic keyboards which use a slightly different design, with the aim of preventing or reducing RSI.

Mouse
Pointing device allowing movement of a cursor on a computer screen.  By doing so, the user can carry out tasks by pointing and clicking on menu and icons.  Other types of pointing device include trackerballs or touch pads, a common built-in feature of laptops and other portable devices.

Joystick
Stick device for rotation movement, designed for gaming use.

Microphone
A sound recording device for input of audio into a computer form.

Remote Control
Commonly used nowadays with digital TV controls for interactive participation with the viewer and programme being watched.

Scanner
Used to copy paper documents into a digitised form. OCR (Optical Character Recognition) software can be used to interpret the text from a scanned handwritten document and export it to a word processor or data file.

Digital/Video Camera
Used for taking photographs and saving them into a digital format, rather than on film.

Webcam
Commonly used with social networking applications to view another person, but can also be used to convert an image into a digital file.

Touch Screen
Popular in portable devices such as mobile phones and media players, and now even desktop computers.
Touch with your finger instead of clicking an instruction with the mouse or keypad.

Interactive Whiteboard
Similar to a large touch screen, used in education and within business as a presentation tool, using your finger or light pen to view or input data.

Sensor
An analogue device that measures a physical quantity; the signal has to be converted into a digital signal which can be read by a computer.  Everyday examples include temperature and light sensors.  Sensors are also used on cars for parking.


Barcode Scanners
Electronic device for scanning printed barcodes which contain information about goods. The reader consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones.  Barcode scanners are most commonly found in the retail industry, for example at supermarkets, allowing the product and price information to be displayed at the point of sale.  Other examples of use include in a warehouse environment (for stock control) and in libraries (for monitoring book loans).


OMR – Optical Mark Recognition
Fast data entry for high volume data. Widely used for marking multiple choice exams, market research questionnaires and the National Lottery where answer/choice is indicated by black pencil mark against choice.


Graphics Tablets
Used by designers to produce accurate drawings, with a light pen over a screen-based tablet device.


Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) Instrument
Used to capture sound data and save it as an audio file for computerised manipulation, synchronising or exchanging with other devices.


Light Pen
Light sensitive device for touching on a screen to select an instruction.


Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
Most commonly used for processing cheques. Along the bottom of a cheque, the bank’s sort code, customer account number and cheque number are encoded in special characters in magnetic ink; also the handwritten cheque amount is written in ink that is then magnetised. MICR has several advantages for processing cheques: it is hard to forge the characters; characters can be read even if crumpled, dirty or smudged; the characters are readable by humans, unlike bar codes.



Summary of Input Devices

Input Device    Example of Use    Advantage    Disadvantage
Keyboard    Typing a letter    Easy and fast to use, once trained    Users are prone to RSI
Mouse    Clicking an icon to open up the Internet    Easy to use with one click action    Can click too many times and confuse the program
Joystick     Controlling the stick of an aeroplane in a computer game    Comfortable to use, and creates a realistic feeling of control    Can take time to learn how not to jerk the controls and keep the action smooth
Microphone    Recording revision notes into the computer for playback    Fast data entry for those with physical disabilities    Need to speak clearly or playback will be unrecognisable
Remote control    Changing the TV channel    Can control a device from metres away, instantly    Can be unresponsive, especially if there are objects in the way
Scanner/OCR    Scan a piece of handwritten homework then email to teacher    With OCR handwriting will be converted into typed text    Poor handwriting can be converted into the wrong words
Digital/video camera    Take a photograph of a tree    Good quality images depending upon the pixel ratio    Can be expensive to buy
Webcam    Online video conversations    Participants can both hear and see each other    Smoothness of audio/video is dependent on both user’s Internet connection
Touch screen    Buying a train ticket at the railway station    One digit touch needed    Not good for those users uncomfortable with computer technology
Interactive whiteboard    Completing group work in a classroom    Many students can take part at once    Board needs to be properly calibrated to work effectively
Sensor    On a garage door to activate open and shut    No human intervention needed to open the garage door    May not work in severe weather conditions
Barcode reader    A label on a book to be scanned when taken out on loan from a library    Faster for the librarian as no need to manually input the book title and author    Barcodes can get damaged and will not be read by the scanner
OMR    Marking answers on a multiple-choice exam paper    Quick and easy    Not very readable if lots of mistakes are made
Graphics tablet    Drawing cartoon characters for animation    Drawing with a pen is more realistic than using a mouse    Still requires the user to have a talent for drawing
Midi instrument    Recording a piece of music for later playback    Direct conversion into a digital format    Sound is only as good as the musician or technician
MICR    Printing of numbers on the bottom of a cheque    Easily read by a computer    Number can wear off if cheque is folded for a length of time



Output Devices
    
Monitor
The screen used by the user to view the software in use.  There are two main types of technology used in VDUs (Visual Display Units):

•    The old style monitors use Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
•    The newer-looking flat-screen monitors use Thin Film Transistor (TFT).  
•    Many modern televisions use LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), which is very similar to TFT.

Printers
Choice of printer depends on its purpose.  Factors include:
•    Volume of output (high volume output requires a fast, heavy-duty printer)
•    Quality of print required
•    Location of printer
•    Is colour required?

Types of printer include:

Inkjet printer
e.g. high quality printing for the home    •    Droplets of ink are fired at the paper
•    Large areas of colour may get the page too wet unless special paper is used
Laser printer
e.g. large volume printing for the office    •    Toner images being fused onto the paper by heat and pressure
•    Produce high quality printouts
Plotters
e.g. architectural drawings
    •    Vector plotters use pens and draw images using point-to-point data, moving pen over the paper
•    Raster plotters use electrostatic, thermal or laser
Dot matrix
e.g. parts listings in a warehouse
    •    Impact printer – print head has 9 or 24 pins, pins strike paper through a ribbon
•    Can be very noisy


Speakers
Outputs sound waves that are heard by the user. Come with or without a ‘woofer’ for extra volume and are used to output audio from a file, or from another source (e.g. streaming from the radio or internet).

Digital Projector
These are connected to digital devices such as laptops, and ‘project’ (display) the devices on-screen content onto a large screen.  They are particularly useful for presentations in front of large audiences.

MP3 player / iPod
Portable digital device which outputs audio, usually via headphones although some have built-in speakers.

Sound and Video card
Both connected to the motherboard to enable output of audio and video.  Many of today’s sound and graphics cards are capable of outputting High Definition audio and video.

Actuators / Robotic Arms
An actuator is the moving part of an item such as a robot. Using the controls from a computer the actuator responds accordingly, e.g. raises the robotic arm in a car manufacturing plant.

Lights/buzzers
The use of lights as an output can also be seen as an indicator, e.g. when you use a security pass card to exit a building, you pass the card over the reader and if the card is recognised the light will flash green (or a buzzer will go off) giving you a positive output.

Computerised Motors
These are motors controlled by a computer, e.g. if a computer server room is getting too hot the computer would instruct the air conditioning motor to turn on, therefore giving an output of cold air.

Summary of Output Devices

Output Device    Use    Advantage    Disadvantage
VDU/Monitor    Viewing work that has been typed in    Instant viewing    May be fixed in one place
Dot Matrix Printer    Multiple printed pages such as an invoice    Can print multiple copies at one time    Can be very noisy
Inkjet Printer    Printing your schoolwork at home    Cheap and good quality printing    Cartridges can be expensive
Laser Printer    Printing large quantities of work at one time    Fast and good quality    Can be expensive to buy and run
Plotter    Printing large road maps    Good at printing in colour and in detail    Can be expensive to buy
Speakers     Listening to music from the computer    Portable speakers can be carried around    Sound can vary depending upon quality of speaker
Digital Projector    Viewing movies on a large screen at home    Enlarging an otherwise small viewing screen    Quality can deteriorate as the screen size is increased
Actuators / Robotic Arm    Car-manufacturing robot fitting the windscreen wipers    Precision work done with no human errors    Once broken can be expensive to repair






Storage Devices

Hard Drive
•    Stores the operating system software, application software and the user’s documents
and data files.
•    Come in a variety of sizes, for example 300GB, 1TB, etc.

Advantages    Disadvantages
•    Relatively cheap, large capacity storage
•    Fixed inside the system, so not easily misplaced
•    Stores and retrieves data faster than some mediums, e.g. CD-ROMS    •    They can fail and are prone to damage upon impact, leading to lost or corrupt data
•    Not as portable as other storage mediums,
due to size, weight and internal location

Optical Storage Devices (CD/DVDs/Blu-ray)
Optical disc storage mediums, read and written to by a laser.  Faster access than a floppy disk, slower than a hard drive. Used for the distribution of software and other media such as music albums and movies.

•    CD’s hold 650–800MB of data, available as read only (CD-ROM), write once (CD-R), read and write (CD-RW).
•    DVDs can hold up to 17GB of data (double-sided, dual layer), although 4.7GB is the size of standard (single-sided, single-layer) DVDs.  Comes in different forms including DVD-ROM (read only memory), DVD-RAM (random access memory), DVD-R (recorder), DVD-RW (re-writable).  
•    Blu-ray disks hold up to 25GB of data (single layer) or 50GB (dual layer).  Used to store high definition video content, and video games, e.g. for Playstation 3.

Advantages    Disadvantages
•    Lightweight and easy to carry around
•    Cheap to produce and buy in bulk
•    Widespread compatibility    •    Easily scratched/damaged, potentially making them unusable
•    Limited storage capacity, particularly CDs


Magnetic Tape
•    Uses magnetic tape technology as an external device for large files.  
•    Typically used for offline, archival data storage.
•    Mostly used by organisations to backup vast amounts of data (tapes can store over 800MB).

Advantages    Disadvantages
•    Tapes are relatively cheap and provide large capacity storage
•    Sturdy and durable for long-term use    •    Quite slow at reading and writing data
•    Requires a tape streamer to read and write data


Memory Sticks and Cards
Memory sticks are used for storing and transferring files, and come in many different sizes.  They are usually connected to computers and devices via USB.  Flash memory cards are often used by digital cameras and MP3 players to store the photographs and songs.  
These memory cards can also inserted into card readers connected/built-in to computers, to allow files to be transferred to and from the cards.

Advantage    Disadvantage
•    Small, light and easy to carry around
•    Large storage capacity for their size    •    Very easy to break
•    Data can be lost if you do not properly remove the device from the computer after saving


Communication Devices

Modems (Modulator/Demodulator)
These are used to encode digital computer signals into analogue signals (and vice versa) to allow computers to communicate over a phone/cable line.












Routers and Hubs
Routers are used to identify an efficient route for data transfer across a network. They are commonly used in homes to allow the Internet connection to be shared and distributed between multiple computers.  Routers enable both wired (using Ethernet) and wireless network connections.

A hub is a simple piece of hardware that has a number of devices connected to it. It receives data from one port and sends it via other ports.  


Network Interface Cards (NIC)
Often referred to simply as network cards/adaptors, these allow users to connect to networks via Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi.  



    


User Interfaces
These provide a platform for interaction between humans and computer systems.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)
The most popular type of user interface, used in computers and portable devices such as MP3 players. The interface is largely based on graphics rather than text.  This is also called a WIMP system (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointers). GUIs are easy to use and look good, but also use a lot of computer power.

Command Line
This involves the user entering text commands. The obvious disadvantage is that the user has to know the commands to be able to use these interfaces.  In Windows, if you go to Run... and type ‘CMD’ it will load a command line interface called the Command Prompt.

Direct Neural
A direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device. Direct-neural interfaces are often aimed at assisting, combining or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.

1.3. Software

Systems Software

Operating Systems
These control and monitor the running of application software and hardware. An operating system, e.g. Windows, is responsible for saving, loading, deleting, copying and renaming.

Different types of Operating System:

Operating System    Explanation
Interactive    Controls the actions of a computer where processing is instant
Multi-tasking    The majority of OS systems are multi-tasking allowing many processes to be performed at the same time
Real-time    Controls the actions of a computer where processing is almost instant or at least within a set time frame
Online    Controls the actions of a computer where Internet/online processing takes place
Multi-user    Used on a network when more than one user is processing data at the same time


Utility Software
Software used to analyse, configure, optimise and maintain a computer system.  
Examples include disk defragmentators, registry cleaners and anti-virus software.

Drivers
Software supporting specific hardware devices such as video cards to ensure they communicate effectively with the operating system.



Application Software
This is designed to enable users to perform specific tasks, and includes applications for creating and managing information, data and media content, and communicating with others.  This includes:

•    Word-processors – e.g. to write letters and reports
•    Spreadsheet software – e.g. to model financial data
•    Database management software – e.g. to store customer and product details
•    Desktop publishing software – e.g. for producing brochures and leaflets
•    Presentation – e.g. for creating slide shows using text and multimedia
•    Web authoring software – for creating and editing web pages
•    Multimedia software – e.g. to create an interactive quiz using Flash
•    Graphics-editing software – e.g. to edit photographs or create web graphics
•    Video-editing software – for editing video files
•    Communications software – e.g. social networking, chat, instant messaging, web browsers and email clients

Programming Software

Compilers
Converts high level programming code such as C++ into code that the computer can execute.

Debuggers
Helps a programmer to identify ‘bugs’ in their code.

Interpreters
Similar to a compiler, however it converts each line of code sequentially, rather than the entire code at once.

Linkers
A program that takes one or more objects generated by a compiler and combines them into a single executable program.

Editors
Used to edit source code using only text.  Also has tools such as syntax highlighting to aid developers.



File Types
This refers to the way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file.  There are different file types used for different purposes, for example to save images, documents and to store executable programs.

File types are usually referred to by their file extension, rather than their full name.  The extension is the text appended to a filename after a dot, and identifies the type of file it is.  This also helps the operating system to decide which available software  should be used to open the program.

Examples of commonly-used file types include:

Images:
•    JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
•    GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)
•    TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)

Audio:
•    WAV (Waveform Audio File Format)
•    MP3 (MPEG 1 Audio Layer 3)
•    AAC (Advanced Audio Coding)

Video:
•    MPEG2 (Motion Picture Experts Group 2)
•    MPEG4 (Motion Picture Experts Group 4)
•    AVI (Audio Video Interleaved)

Document:
•    DOC (Word Document)
•    XLS (Excel Spreadsheet)
•    PDF (Portable Document Format)


ICT Systems – Revision Questions



1.    Describe the difference between hardware and software. (2 marks)

2.    Briefly describe the role of the CPU. (1 marks)

3.    Name three categories of computer system. (3 marks)

4.    Which input device would you use for the following activities? (5 marks)

a)    Typing a letter
b)    Hand drawing an image to be digitalised
c)    Engaging a class of students in a lesson
d)    Recording a speech
e)    Recording a musical score

5.    Which output device would you use for the following activities? (5 marks)

a)    Outputting a letter
b)    Indicator on a door entry system
c)    Listening to music
d)    Viewing a presentation in a lesson
e)    Viewing your work before printing

6.    Which printer would you choose for printing 5,000 copies of a newsletter – an inkjet or laser printer?
Explain why. (5 marks)

7.    Monitors are also known as VDUs and there are two main types. What are they?  (2 marks)

8.    Which type of storage device would you use for the following? (4 marks)

a)    Moving your essay from school to home
b)    Saving one album of music
c)    Backing up all files on a computer or network
d)    Saving your digital photographs

9.    What is the main purpose of a network router? (1 marks)

10.    Give one advantage and one disadvantage of a GUI? (2 marks)

11.    Which type of application software would you use for the following activities?
Give an example for each. (5 marks)

a)     Typing a letter
b)    Modelling a ‘what-if’ scenario using data
c)    Producing reports from sales data
d)    Producing a leaflet    
e)    Delivering a presentation to a large audience

12.    Give an example file type for each of the following: (3 marks)

a)    Photograph
    b)    Song
    c)    Letter






2. EXCHANGING INFORMATION

2.1. Communications

Communication Services

Facsimile (Fax)
•    Recipient does not have to be there to receive the document
•    Not confidential

Telephone
•    Service depends upon size of bandwidth (the channel for data to pass through)
•    Telephone, only for speech, time wasted in connecting
•    Telephone tag: phoning and leaving messages
•    Time zone differences affect immediate calls
•    Automated switchboards, Digital Dorothy (voice activated)

VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)
•    Uses a PC (with microphone and speakers) to send audio in real time via the Internet
•    Much cheaper than normal phone calls (especially international calls)
•    Multi-way talking possible, i.e. more than two people at once

Self-heating can

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Structure of a self heating can
A Self-heating can is an enhancement of the common food can. Self-heating cans have dual chambers, one surrounding the other.

In one version, the inner chamber holds the food or drink, and the outer chamber houses chemicals that undergo an exothermic reaction when combined. When the user wants to heat the contents of the can, a ring on the can when pulled breaks the barrier that keeps apart the chemicals in the outer chamber from the water. In another type, the chemicals are in the inner chamber and the beverage surrounds it in the outer chamber. To heat the contents of the can, the user pushes on the bottom of the can to break the barrier separating the chemical from the water. This design has the advantages of being more efficient (less heat is lost to the surrounding air) as well as reducing excessive heating of the product's exterior, causing possible discomfort to the user. In either case, after the heat from the reaction has been absorbed by the food, the user can enjoy a hot meal or drink.

Self-heating cans offer benefits to campers and people without access to a microwave oven, stove or camp-fire, but the technology is not yet common. This is because self-heating cans are considerably more expensive than the conventional type, they have problems with uneven heating of their contents, and the heater takes up considerable package space.



Contents  [hide]
1 Technology
2 See also
3 References 3.1 Books, general references

4 External links


Technology[edit]

The source of the heat for the self-heated can is an exothermic reaction that the user initiates by pressing on the bottom of the can. The can is manufactured as three containers. A container for the beverage surrounds a container of the heating agent separated from a container of water by a thin breakable membrane. When the user pushes on the bottom of the can, a rod pierces the membrane, allowing the water and heating agent to mix. The resulting reaction releases heat thus warms the beverage surrounding it.[1]

The heating agent and responsible reaction vary from product to product. Calcium oxide is used in the following reaction:
CaO(s)+ H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s)
Copper sulfate and powdered zinc can also be used, but this process is less efficient:
CuSO4(s) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4(s) + Cu(s)
Anhydrous calcium chloride is often used as well. In this case, no chemical reaction occurs, instead the heat of solution is generated.

A typical self-heating can consists of 2 chambers and a lid: 1 for solid component; 1 for liquid. When you pierce the lid, the liquid component mixes with the solid one and starts an exothermic chemical reaction. The most common chemicals for the self heating can are Al + Mg + Zn or CaO (solid component), and HCl or H2O as liquid.

See also[edit]
Flameless ration heater
Beverage can
Self-heating food packaging

References[edit]

1.Jump up ^ Container with integral module for heating or cooling the contents - Patent 5461867

Books, general references[edit]
Yam, K.L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6

External links[edit]
An article on the concept
Single-serving coffee can heats itself
Will Self-Heating Coffee Be Cool?
BBC News Online - Hot drink can tested in Midlands
An article with photos on disassembly



[hide]
v •
t •
e
 

Packaging



General topics

Active packaging •
Child-resistant packaging •
Food packaging •
Package pilferage •
Package testing •
Packaging engineering •
Pharmaceutical packaging •
Reusable packaging •
Shelf life •
Tamper-evident •
Tamper resistance •
Wrap rage
 


Containers

Aerosol spray •
Aluminium bottle •
Aluminum can •
Ampoule •
Antistatic bag •
Bag-in-box •
Barrel •
Biodegradable bag •
Blister pack •
Bottle •
Box •
Bulk box •
Carboy •
Carton •
Chub •
Clamshell •
Corrugated box design •
Crate •
Drum •
Envelope •
Flexible intermediate bulk container •
Foam food container •
Folding carton •
Insulated shipping container •
Intermediate bulk container •
Jar •
Juicebox •
Keg •
Multi-pack •
Padded mailer •
Pail •
Paper bag •
Paper sack •
Plastic bag •
Plastic bottle •
Popcorn bag •
Retort pouch •
Sachet •
Self-heating can •
Self-heating food packaging •
Shipping container •
Skin pack •
Spray bottle •
Tin can •
Tube •
Unit load •
Wooden box
 


Materials and
components

Adhesive •
Aluminium foil •
BoPET •
Bubble wrap •
Cellophane •
Closure •
Coated paper •
Corrugated fiberboard •
Corrugated plastic •
Cushioning •
Desiccant •
Foam peanut •
Glass •
Hot-melt adhesive •
Label •
Linear low-density polyethylene •
Liquid packaging board •
Low-density polyethylene •
Metallised film •
Modified atmosphere •
Molded pulp •
Nonwoven fabric •
Overwrap •
Oxygen scavenger •
Packaging gas •
Pallet •
Paper •
Paper pallet •
Paperboard •
Plastic film •
Plastic pallet •
Plastic wrap •
Polyester •
Polyethylene •
Polypropylene •
Pressure-sensitive tape •
Screw cap •
Screw cap (wine) •
Security printing •
Security seal •
Shock and vibration data logger •
Shrink wrap •
Slip sheet •
Strapping •
Stretch wrap •
Susceptor •
Temperature data logger •
Time temperature indicator •
Tinplate •
Velostat
 


Processes

Aseptic processing •
Authentication •
Automatic identification and data capture •
Blow fill seal •
Blow molding •
Calendering •
Canning •
Containerization •
Curtain Coating •
Die cutting •
Electronic article surveillance •
Extrusion •
Extrusion coating •
Graphic design •
HACCP •
Hermetic seal •
Induction sealing •
Injection molding •
Laminating •
Laser cutting •
Molding •
Papermaking •
Plastic welding •
Plastics extrusion •
Printing •
Quality assurance •
Radio-frequency identification •
Roll slitting •
Shearing (manufacturing) •
Track and trace •
Vacuum forming •
Ultrasonic welding •
Vacuum packaging •
Verification and validation
 


Machinery

Barcode printer •
Barcode reader •
Bottling line •
Can seamer •
Cartoning machine •
Check weigher •
Conveyor system •
Extended core stretch wrapper •
Filler •
Heat gun •
Heat sealer •
Industrial robot •
Injection molding machine •
Label printer applicator •
Lineshaft roller conveyor •
Logistics automation •
Material handling equipment •
Mechanical brake stretch wrapper •
Multihead weigher •
Orbital stretch wrapping •
Palletizer •
Rotary wheel blow molding systems •
Shrink tunnel •
Staple gun •
Tape dispenser •
Turntable stretch wrapper •
Vertical form fill sealing machine
 


Environment,
post-use

Biodegradation •
Environmental engineering •
Glass recycling •
Industrial ecology •
Life-cycle assessment •
Litter •
Paper recycling •
Plastic recycling •
Recycling •
Reusable packaging •
Source reduction •
Sustainable packaging •
Waste management
 

 



Categories: Canned food
Food storage containers
Serving and dining



Navigation menu




Create account
Log in




Article


Talk











Read


Edit


View history











    







Main page
Contents
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Help
About Wikipedia
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Tools

What links here
Related changes
Upload file
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Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page


Print/export

Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version


Languages

Deutsch

Edit links

This page was last modified on 8 September 2014 at 19:12.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Self-heating can

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search






Structure of a self heating can
A Self-heating can is an enhancement of the common food can. Self-heating cans have dual chambers, one surrounding the other.

In one version, the inner chamber holds the food or drink, and the outer chamber houses chemicals that undergo an exothermic reaction when combined. When the user wants to heat the contents of the can, a ring on the can when pulled breaks the barrier that keeps apart the chemicals in the outer chamber from the water. In another type, the chemicals are in the inner chamber and the beverage surrounds it in the outer chamber. To heat the contents of the can, the user pushes on the bottom of the can to break the barrier separating the chemical from the water. This design has the advantages of being more efficient (less heat is lost to the surrounding air) as well as reducing excessive heating of the product's exterior, causing possible discomfort to the user. In either case, after the heat from the reaction has been absorbed by the food, the user can enjoy a hot meal or drink.

Self-heating cans offer benefits to campers and people without access to a microwave oven, stove or camp-fire, but the technology is not yet common. This is because self-heating cans are considerably more expensive than the conventional type, they have problems with uneven heating of their contents, and the heater takes up considerable package space.



Contents  [hide]
1 Technology
2 See also
3 References 3.1 Books, general references

4 External links


Technology[edit]

The source of the heat for the self-heated can is an exothermic reaction that the user initiates by pressing on the bottom of the can. The can is manufactured as three containers. A container for the beverage surrounds a container of the heating agent separated from a container of water by a thin breakable membrane. When the user pushes on the bottom of the can, a rod pierces the membrane, allowing the water and heating agent to mix. The resulting reaction releases heat thus warms the beverage surrounding it.[1]

The heating agent and responsible reaction vary from product to product. Calcium oxide is used in the following reaction:
CaO(s)+ H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s)
Copper sulfate and powdered zinc can also be used, but this process is less efficient:
CuSO4(s) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4(s) + Cu(s)
Anhydrous calcium chloride is often used as well. In this case, no chemical reaction occurs, instead the heat of solution is generated.

A typical self-heating can consists of 2 chambers and a lid: 1 for solid component; 1 for liquid. When you pierce the lid, the liquid component mixes with the solid one and starts an exothermic chemical reaction. The most common chemicals for the self heating can are Al + Mg + Zn or CaO (solid component), and HCl or H2O as liquid.

See also[edit]
Flameless ration heater
Beverage can
Self-heating food packaging

References[edit]

1.Jump up ^ Container with integral module for heating or cooling the contents - Patent 5461867

Books, general references[edit]
Yam, K.L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6

External links[edit]
An article on the concept
Single-serving coffee can heats itself
Will Self-Heating Coffee Be Cool?
BBC News Online - Hot drink can tested in Midlands
An article with photos on disassembly



[hide]
v •
t •
e
 

Packaging



General topics

Active packaging •
Child-resistant packaging •
Food packaging •
Package pilferage •
Package testing •
Packaging engineering •
Pharmaceutical packaging •
Reusable packaging •
Shelf life •
Tamper-evident •
Tamper resistance •
Wrap rage
 


Containers

Aerosol spray •
Aluminium bottle •
Aluminum can •
Ampoule •
Antistatic bag •
Bag-in-box •
Barrel •
Biodegradable bag •
Blister pack •
Bottle •
Box •
Bulk box •
Carboy •
Carton •
Chub •
Clamshell •
Corrugated box design •
Crate •
Drum •
Envelope •
Flexible intermediate bulk container •
Foam food container •
Folding carton •
Insulated shipping container •
Intermediate bulk container •
Jar •
Juicebox •
Keg •
Multi-pack •
Padded mailer •
Pail •
Paper bag •
Paper sack •
Plastic bag •
Plastic bottle •
Popcorn bag •
Retort pouch •
Sachet •
Self-heating can •
Self-heating food packaging •
Shipping container •
Skin pack •
Spray bottle •
Tin can •
Tube •
Unit load •
Wooden box
 


Materials and
components

Adhesive •
Aluminium foil •
BoPET •
Bubble wrap •
Cellophane •
Closure •
Coated paper •
Corrugated fiberboard •
Corrugated plastic •
Cushioning •
Desiccant •
Foam peanut •
Glass •
Hot-melt adhesive •
Label •
Linear low-density polyethylene •
Liquid packaging board •
Low-density polyethylene •
Metallised film •
Modified atmosphere •
Molded pulp •
Nonwoven fabric •
Overwrap •
Oxygen scavenger •
Packaging gas •
Pallet •
Paper •
Paper pallet •
Paperboard •
Plastic film •
Plastic pallet •
Plastic wrap •
Polyester •
Polyethylene •
Polypropylene •
Pressure-sensitive tape •
Screw cap •
Screw cap (wine) •
Security printing •
Security seal •
Shock and vibration data logger •
Shrink wrap •
Slip sheet •
Strapping •
Stretch wrap •
Susceptor •
Temperature data logger •
Time temperature indicator •
Tinplate •
Velostat
 


Processes

Aseptic processing •
Authentication •
Automatic identification and data capture •
Blow fill seal •
Blow molding •
Calendering •
Canning •
Containerization •
Curtain Coating •
Die cutting •
Electronic article surveillance •
Extrusion •
Extrusion coating •
Graphic design •
HACCP •
Hermetic seal •
Induction sealing •
Injection molding •
Laminating •
Laser cutting •
Molding •
Papermaking •
Plastic welding •
Plastics extrusion •
Printing •
Quality assurance •
Radio-frequency identification •
Roll slitting •
Shearing (manufacturing) •
Track and trace •
Vacuum forming •
Ultrasonic welding •
Vacuum packaging •
Verification and validation
 


Machinery

Barcode printer •
Barcode reader •
Bottling line •
Can seamer •
Cartoning machine •
Check weigher •
Conveyor system •
Extended core stretch wrapper •
Filler •
Heat gun •
Heat sealer •
Industrial robot •
Injection molding machine •
Label printer applicator •
Lineshaft roller conveyor •
Logistics automation •
Material handling equipment •
Mechanical brake stretch wrapper •
Multihead weigher •
Orbital stretch wrapping •
Palletizer •
Rotary wheel blow molding systems •
Shrink tunnel •
Staple gun •
Tape dispenser •
Turntable stretch wrapper •
Vertical form fill sealing machine
 


Environment,
post-use

Biodegradation •
Environmental engineering •
Glass recycling •
Industrial ecology •
Life-cycle assessment •
Litter •
Paper recycling •
Plastic recycling •
Recycling •
Reusable packaging •
Source reduction •
Sustainable packaging •
Waste management
 

 



Categories: Canned food
Food storage containers
Serving and dining



Navigation menu




Create account
Log in




Article


Talk











Read


Edit


View history











    







Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop


Interaction

Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page


Tools

What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page


Print/export

Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version


Languages

Deutsch

Edit links

This page was last modified on 8 September 2014 at 19:12.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view

Self-heating can

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search






Structure of a self heating can
A Self-heating can is an enhancement of the common food can. Self-heating cans have dual chambers, one surrounding the other.

In one version, the inner chamber holds the food or drink, and the outer chamber houses chemicals that undergo an exothermic reaction when combined. When the user wants to heat the contents of the can, a ring on the can when pulled breaks the barrier that keeps apart the chemicals in the outer chamber from the water. In another type, the chemicals are in the inner chamber and the beverage surrounds it in the outer chamber. To heat the contents of the can, the user pushes on the bottom of the can to break the barrier separating the chemical from the water. This design has the advantages of being more efficient (less heat is lost to the surrounding air) as well as reducing excessive heating of the product's exterior, causing possible discomfort to the user. In either case, after the heat from the reaction has been absorbed by the food, the user can enjoy a hot meal or drink.

Self-heating cans offer benefits to campers and people without access to a microwave oven, stove or camp-fire, but the technology is not yet common. This is because self-heating cans are considerably more expensive than the conventional type, they have problems with uneven heating of their contents, and the heater takes up considerable package space.



Contents  [hide]
1 Technology
2 See also
3 References 3.1 Books, general references

4 External links


Technology[edit]

The source of the heat for the self-heated can is an exothermic reaction that the user initiates by pressing on the bottom of the can. The can is manufactured as three containers. A container for the beverage surrounds a container of the heating agent separated from a container of water by a thin breakable membrane. When the user pushes on the bottom of the can, a rod pierces the membrane, allowing the water and heating agent to mix. The resulting reaction releases heat thus warms the beverage surrounding it.[1]

The heating agent and responsible reaction vary from product to product. Calcium oxide is used in the following reaction:
CaO(s)+ H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s)
Copper sulfate and powdered zinc can also be used, but this process is less efficient:
CuSO4(s) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4(s) + Cu(s)
Anhydrous calcium chloride is often used as well. In this case, no chemical reaction occurs, instead the heat of solution is generated.

A typical self-heating can consists of 2 chambers and a lid: 1 for solid component; 1 for liquid. When you pierce the lid, the liquid component mixes with the solid one and starts an exothermic chemical reaction. The most common chemicals for the self heating can are Al + Mg + Zn or CaO (solid component), and HCl or H2O as liquid.

See also[edit]
Flameless ration heater
Beverage can
Self-heating food packaging

References[edit]

1.Jump up ^ Container with integral module for heating or cooling the contents - Patent 5461867

Books, general references[edit]
Yam, K.L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6

External links[edit]
An article on the concept
Single-serving coffee can heats itself
Will Self-Heating Coffee Be Cool?
BBC News Online - Hot drink can tested in Midlands
An article with photos on disassembly



[hide]
v •
t •
e
 

Packaging



General topics

Active packaging •
Child-resistant packaging •
Food packaging •
Package pilferage •
Package testing •
Packaging engineering •
Pharmaceutical packaging •
Reusable packaging •
Shelf life •
Tamper-evident •
Tamper resistance •
Wrap rage
 


Containers

Aerosol spray •
Aluminium bottle •
Aluminum can •
Ampoule •
Antistatic bag •
Bag-in-box •
Barrel •
Biodegradable bag •
Blister pack •
Bottle •
Box •
Bulk box •
Carboy •
Carton •
Chub •
Clamshell •
Corrugated box design •
Crate •
Drum •
Envelope •
Flexible intermediate bulk container •
Foam food container •
Folding carton •
Insulated shipping container •
Intermediate bulk container •
Jar •
Juicebox •
Keg •
Multi-pack •
Padded mailer •
Pail •
Paper bag •
Paper sack •
Plastic bag •
Plastic bottle •
Popcorn bag •
Retort pouch •
Sachet •
Self-heating can •
Self-heating food packaging •
Shipping container •
Skin pack •
Spray bottle •
Tin can •
Tube •
Unit load •
Wooden box
 


Materials and
components

Adhesive •
Aluminium foil •
BoPET •
Bubble wrap •
Cellophane •
Closure •
Coated paper •
Corrugated fiberboard •
Corrugated plastic •
Cushioning •
Desiccant •
Foam peanut •
Glass •
Hot-melt adhesive •
Label •
Linear low-density polyethylene •
Liquid packaging board •
Low-density polyethylene •
Metallised film •
Modified atmosphere •
Molded pulp •
Nonwoven fabric •
Overwrap •
Oxygen scavenger •
Packaging gas •
Pallet •
Paper •
Paper pallet •
Paperboard •
Plastic film •
Plastic pallet •
Plastic wrap •
Polyester •
Polyethylene •
Polypropylene •
Pressure-sensitive tape •
Screw cap •
Screw cap (wine) •
Security printing •
Security seal •
Shock and vibration data logger •
Shrink wrap •
Slip sheet •
Strapping •
Stretch wrap •
Susceptor •
Temperature data logger •
Time temperature indicator •
Tinplate •
Velostat
 


Processes

Aseptic processing •
Authentication •
Automatic identification and data capture •
Blow fill seal •
Blow molding •
Calendering •
Canning •
Containerization •
Curtain Coating •
Die cutting •
Electronic article surveillance •
Extrusion •
Extrusion coating •
Graphic design •
HACCP •
Hermetic seal •
Induction sealing •
Injection molding •
Laminating •
Laser cutting •
Molding •
Papermaking •
Plastic welding •
Plastics extrusion •
Printing •
Quality assurance •
Radio-frequency identification •
Roll slitting •
Shearing (manufacturing) •
Track and trace •
Vacuum forming •
Ultrasonic welding •
Vacuum packaging •
Verification and validation
 


Machinery

Barcode printer •
Barcode reader •
Bottling line •
Can seamer •
Cartoning machine •
Check weigher •
Conveyor system •
Extended core stretch wrapper •
Filler •
Heat gun •
Heat sealer •
Industrial robot •
Injection molding machine •
Label printer applicator •
Lineshaft roller conveyor •
Logistics automation •
Material handling equipment •
Mechanical brake stretch wrapper •
Multihead weigher •
Orbital stretch wrapping •
Palletizer •
Rotary wheel blow molding systems •
Shrink tunnel •
Staple gun •
Tape dispenser •
Turntable stretch wrapper •
Vertical form fill sealing machine
 


Environment,
post-use

Biodegradation •
Environmental engineering •
Glass recycling •
Industrial ecology •
Life-cycle assessment •
Litter •
Paper recycling •
Plastic recycling •
Recycling •
Reusable packaging •
Source reduction •
Sustainable packaging •
Waste management
 

 



Categories: Canned food
Food storage containers
Serving and dining



Navigation menu




Create account
Log in




Article


Talk











Read


Edit


View history











    







Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop


Interaction

Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page


Tools

What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page


Print/export

Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version


Languages

Deutsch

Edit links

This page was last modified on 8 September 2014 at 19:12.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view


Self-heating can

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search






Structure of a self heating can
A Self-heating can is an enhancement of the common food can. Self-heating cans have dual chambers, one surrounding the other.

In one version, the inner chamber holds the food or drink, and the outer chamber houses chemicals that undergo an exothermic reaction when combined. When the user wants to heat the contents of the can, a ring on the can when pulled breaks the barrier that keeps apart the chemicals in the outer chamber from the water. In another type, the chemicals are in the inner chamber and the beverage surrounds it in the outer chamber. To heat the contents of the can, the user pushes on the bottom of the can to break the barrier separating the chemical from the water. This design has the advantages of being more efficient (less heat is lost to the surrounding air) as well as reducing excessive heating of the product's exterior, causing possible discomfort to the user. In either case, after the heat from the reaction has been absorbed by the food, the user can enjoy a hot meal or drink.

Self-heating cans offer benefits to campers and people without access to a microwave oven, stove or camp-fire, but the technology is not yet common. This is because self-heating cans are considerably more expensive than the conventional type, they have problems with uneven heating of their contents, and the heater takes up considerable package space.



Contents  [hide]
1 Technology
2 See also
3 References 3.1 Books, general references

4 External links


Technology[edit]

The source of the heat for the self-heated can is an exothermic reaction that the user initiates by pressing on the bottom of the can. The can is manufactured as three containers. A container for the beverage surrounds a container of the heating agent separated from a container of water by a thin breakable membrane. When the user pushes on the bottom of the can, a rod pierces the membrane, allowing the water and heating agent to mix. The resulting reaction releases heat thus warms the beverage surrounding it.[1]

The heating agent and responsible reaction vary from product to product. Calcium oxide is used in the following reaction:
CaO(s)+ H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s)
Copper sulfate and powdered zinc can also be used, but this process is less efficient:
CuSO4(s) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4(s) + Cu(s)
Anhydrous calcium chloride is often used as well. In this case, no chemical reaction occurs, instead the heat of solution is generated.

A typical self-heating can consists of 2 chambers and a lid: 1 for solid component; 1 for liquid. When you pierce the lid, the liquid component mixes with the solid one and starts an exothermic chemical reaction. The most common chemicals for the self heating can are Al + Mg + Zn or CaO (solid component), and HCl or H2O as liquid.

See also[edit]
Flameless ration heater
Beverage can
Self-heating food packaging

References[edit]

1.Jump up ^ Container with integral module for heating or cooling the contents - Patent 5461867

Books, general references[edit]
Yam, K.L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6

External links[edit]
An article on the concept
Single-serving coffee can heats itself
Will Self-Heating Coffee Be Cool?
BBC News Online - Hot drink can tested in Midlands
An article with photos on disassembly



[hide]
v •
t •
e
 

Packaging



General topics

Active packaging •
Child-resistant packaging •
Food packaging •
Package pilferage •
Package testing •
Packaging engineering •
Pharmaceutical packaging •
Reusable packaging •
Shelf life •
Tamper-evident •
Tamper resistance •
Wrap rage
 


Containers

Aerosol spray •
Aluminium bottle •
Aluminum can •
Ampoule •
Antistatic bag •
Bag-in-box •
Barrel •
Biodegradable bag •
Blister pack •
Bottle •
Box •
Bulk box •
Carboy •
Carton •
Chub •
Clamshell •
Corrugated box design •
Crate •
Drum •
Envelope •
Flexible intermediate bulk container •
Foam food container •
Folding carton •
Insulated shipping container •
Intermediate bulk container •
Jar •
Juicebox •
Keg •
Multi-pack •
Padded mailer •
Pail •
Paper bag •
Paper sack •
Plastic bag •
Plastic bottle •
Popcorn bag •
Retort pouch •
Sachet •
Self-heating can •
Self-heating food packaging •
Shipping container •
Skin pack •
Spray bottle •
Tin can •
Tube •
Unit load •
Wooden box
 


Materials and
components

Adhesive •
Aluminium foil •
BoPET •
Bubble wrap •
Cellophane •
Closure •
Coated paper •
Corrugated fiberboard •
Corrugated plastic •
Cushioning •
Desiccant •
Foam peanut •
Glass •
Hot-melt adhesive •
Label •
Linear low-density polyethylene •
Liquid packaging board •
Low-density polyethylene •
Metallised film •
Modified atmosphere •
Molded pulp •
Nonwoven fabric •
Overwrap •
Oxygen scavenger •
Packaging gas •
Pallet •
Paper •
Paper pallet •
Paperboard •
Plastic film •
Plastic pallet •
Plastic wrap •
Polyester •
Polyethylene •
Polypropylene •
Pressure-sensitive tape •
Screw cap •
Screw cap (wine) •
Security printing •
Security seal •
Shock and vibration data logger •
Shrink wrap •
Slip sheet •
Strapping •
Stretch wrap •
Susceptor •
Temperature data logger •
Time temperature indicator •
Tinplate •
Velostat
 


Processes

Aseptic processing •
Authentication •
Automatic identification and data capture •
Blow fill seal •
Blow molding •
Calendering •
Canning •
Containerization •
Curtain Coating •
Die cutting •
Electronic article surveillance •
Extrusion •
Extrusion coating •
Graphic design •
HACCP •
Hermetic seal •
Induction sealing •
Injection molding •
Laminating •
Laser cutting •
Molding •
Papermaking •
Plastic welding •
Plastics extrusion •
Printing •
Quality assurance •
Radio-frequency identification •
Roll slitting •
Shearing (manufacturing) •
Track and trace •
Vacuum forming •
Ultrasonic welding •
Vacuum packaging •
Verification and validation
 


Machinery

Barcode printer •
Barcode reader •
Bottling line •
Can seamer •
Cartoning machine •
Check weigher •
Conveyor system •
Extended core stretch wrapper •
Filler •
Heat gun •
Heat sealer •
Industrial robot •
Injection molding machine •
Label printer applicator •
Lineshaft roller conveyor •
Logistics automation •
Material handling equipment •
Mechanical brake stretch wrapper •
Multihead weigher •
Orbital stretch wrapping •
Palletizer •
Rotary wheel blow molding systems •
Shrink tunnel •
Staple gun •
Tape dispenser •
Turntable stretch wrapper •
Vertical form fill sealing machine
 


Environment,
post-use

Biodegradation •
Environmental engineering •
Glass recycling •
Industrial ecology •
Life-cycle assessment •
Litter •
Paper recycling •
Plastic recycling •
Recycling •
Reusable packaging •
Source reduction •
Sustainable packaging •
Waste management
 

 



Categories: Canned food
Food storage containers
Serving and dining



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This page was last modified on 8 September 2014 at 19:12.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Self-heating can

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search






Structure of a self heating can
A Self-heating can is an enhancement of the common food can. Self-heating cans have dual chambers, one surrounding the other.

In one version, the inner chamber holds the food or drink, and the outer chamber houses chemicals that undergo an exothermic reaction when combined. When the user wants to heat the contents of the can, a ring on the can when pulled breaks the barrier that keeps apart the chemicals in the outer chamber from the water. In another type, the chemicals are in the inner chamber and the beverage surrounds it in the outer chamber. To heat the contents of the can, the user pushes on the bottom of the can to break the barrier separating the chemical from the water. This design has the advantages of being more efficient (less heat is lost to the surrounding air) as well as reducing excessive heating of the product's exterior, causing possible discomfort to the user. In either case, after the heat from the reaction has been absorbed by the food, the user can enjoy a hot meal or drink.

Self-heating cans offer benefits to campers and people without access to a microwave oven, stove or camp-fire, but the technology is not yet common. This is because self-heating cans are considerably more expensive than the conventional type, they have problems with uneven heating of their contents, and the heater takes up considerable package space.



Contents  [hide]
1 Technology
2 See also
3 References 3.1 Books, general references

4 External links


Technology[edit]

The source of the heat for the self-heated can is an exothermic reaction that the user initiates by pressing on the bottom of the can. The can is manufactured as three containers. A container for the beverage surrounds a container of the heating agent separated from a container of water by a thin breakable membrane. When the user pushes on the bottom of the can, a rod pierces the membrane, allowing the water and heating agent to mix. The resulting reaction releases heat thus warms the beverage surrounding it.[1]

The heating agent and responsible reaction vary from product to product. Calcium oxide is used in the following reaction:
CaO(s)+ H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s)
Copper sulfate and powdered zinc can also be used, but this process is less efficient:
CuSO4(s) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4(s) + Cu(s)
Anhydrous calcium chloride is often used as well. In this case, no chemical reaction occurs, instead the heat of solution is generated.

A typical self-heating can consists of 2 chambers and a lid: 1 for solid component; 1 for liquid. When you pierce the lid, the liquid component mixes with the solid one and starts an exothermic chemical reaction. The most common chemicals for the self heating can are Al + Mg + Zn or CaO (solid component), and HCl or H2O as liquid.

See also[edit]
Flameless ration heater
Beverage can
Self-heating food packaging

References[edit]

1.Jump up ^ Container with integral module for heating or cooling the contents - Patent 5461867

Books, general references[edit]
Yam, K.L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6

External links[edit]
An article on the concept
Single-serving coffee can heats itself
Will Self-Heating Coffee Be Cool?
BBC News Online - Hot drink can tested in Midlands
An article with photos on disassembly



[hide]
v •
t •
e
 

Packaging



General topics

Active packaging •
Child-resistant packaging •
Food packaging •
Package pilferage •
Package testing •
Packaging engineering •
Pharmaceutical packaging •
Reusable packaging •
Shelf life •
Tamper-evident •
Tamper resistance •
Wrap rage
 


Containers

Aerosol spray •
Aluminium bottle •
Aluminum can •
Ampoule •
Antistatic bag •
Bag-in-box •
Barrel •
Biodegradable bag •
Blister pack •
Bottle •
Box •
Bulk box •
Carboy •
Carton •
Chub •
Clamshell •
Corrugated box design •
Crate •
Drum •
Envelope •
Flexible intermediate bulk container •
Foam food container •
Folding carton •
Insulated shipping container •
Intermediate bulk container •
Jar •
Juicebox •
Keg •
Multi-pack •
Padded mailer •
Pail •
Paper bag •
Paper sack •
Plastic bag •
Plastic bottle •
Popcorn bag •
Retort pouch •
Sachet •
Self-heating can •
Self-heating food packaging •
Shipping container •
Skin pack •
Spray bottle •
Tin can •
Tube •
Unit load •
Wooden box
 


Materials and
components

Adhesive •
Aluminium foil •
BoPET •
Bubble wrap •
Cellophane •
Closure •
Coated paper •
Corrugated fiberboard •
Corrugated plastic •
Cushioning •
Desiccant •
Foam peanut •
Glass •
Hot-melt adhesive •
Label •
Linear low-density polyethylene •
Liquid packaging board •
Low-density polyethylene •
Metallised film •
Modified atmosphere •
Molded pulp •
Nonwoven fabric •
Overwrap •
Oxygen scavenger •
Packaging gas •
Pallet •
Paper •
Paper pallet •
Paperboard •
Plastic film •
Plastic pallet •
Plastic wrap •
Polyester •
Polyethylene •
Polypropylene •
Pressure-sensitive tape •
Screw cap •
Screw cap (wine) •
Security printing •
Security seal •
Shock and vibration data logger •
Shrink wrap •
Slip sheet •
Strapping •
Stretch wrap •
Susceptor •
Temperature data logger •
Time temperature indicator •
Tinplate •
Velostat
 


Processes

Aseptic processing •
Authentication •
Automatic identification and data capture •
Blow fill seal •
Blow molding •
Calendering •
Canning •
Containerization •
Curtain Coating •
Die cutting •
Electronic article surveillance •
Extrusion •
Extrusion coating •
Graphic design •
HACCP •
Hermetic seal •
Induction sealing •
Injection molding •
Laminating •
Laser cutting •
Molding •
Papermaking •
Plastic welding •
Plastics extrusion •
Printing •
Quality assurance •
Radio-frequency identification •
Roll slitting •
Shearing (manufacturing) •
Track and trace •
Vacuum forming •
Ultrasonic welding •
Vacuum packaging •
Verification and validation
 


Machinery

Barcode printer •
Barcode reader •
Bottling line •
Can seamer •
Cartoning machine •
Check weigher •
Conveyor system •
Extended core stretch wrapper •
Filler •
Heat gun •
Heat sealer •
Industrial robot •
Injection molding machine •
Label printer applicator •
Lineshaft roller conveyor •
Logistics automation •
Material handling equipment •
Mechanical brake stretch wrapper •
Multihead weigher •
Orbital stretch wrapping •
Palletizer •
Rotary wheel blow molding systems •
Shrink tunnel •
Staple gun •
Tape dispenser •
Turntable stretch wrapper •
Vertical form fill sealing machine
 


Environment,
post-use

Biodegradation •
Environmental engineering •
Glass recycling •
Industrial ecology •
Life-cycle assessment •
Litter •
Paper recycling •
Plastic recycling •
Recycling •
Reusable packaging •
Source reduction •
Sustainable packaging •
Waste management
 

 



Categories: Canned food
Food storage containers
Serving and dining



Navigation menu




Create account
Log in




Article


Talk











Read


Edit


View history











    







Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop


Interaction

Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page


Tools

What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page


Print/export

Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version


Languages

Deutsch

Edit links

This page was last modified on 8 September 2014 at 19:12.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Self-heating can

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search






Structure of a self heating can
A Self-heating can is an enhancement of the common food can. Self-heating cans have dual chambers, one surrounding the other.

In one version, the inner chamber holds the food or drink, and the outer chamber houses chemicals that undergo an exothermic reaction when combined. When the user wants to heat the contents of the can, a ring on the can when pulled breaks the barrier that keeps apart the chemicals in the outer chamber from the water. In another type, the chemicals are in the inner chamber and the beverage surrounds it in the outer chamber. To heat the contents of the can, the user pushes on the bottom of the can to break the barrier separating the chemical from the water. This design has the advantages of being more efficient (less heat is lost to the surrounding air) as well as reducing excessive heating of the product's exterior, causing possible discomfort to the user. In either case, after the heat from the reaction has been absorbed by the food, the user can enjoy a hot meal or drink.

Self-heating cans offer benefits to campers and people without access to a microwave oven, stove or camp-fire, but the technology is not yet common. This is because self-heating cans are considerably more expensive than the conventional type, they have problems with uneven heating of their contents, and the heater takes up considerable package space.



Contents  [hide]
1 Technology
2 See also
3 References 3.1 Books, general references

4 External links


Technology[edit]

The source of the heat for the self-heated can is an exothermic reaction that the user initiates by pressing on the bottom of the can. The can is manufactured as three containers. A container for the beverage surrounds a container of the heating agent separated from a container of water by a thin breakable membrane. When the user pushes on the bottom of the can, a rod pierces the membrane, allowing the water and heating agent to mix. The resulting reaction releases heat thus warms the beverage surrounding it.[1]

The heating agent and responsible reaction vary from product to product. Calcium oxide is used in the following reaction:
CaO(s)+ H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s)
Copper sulfate and powdered zinc can also be used, but this process is less efficient:
CuSO4(s) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4(s) + Cu(s)
Anhydrous calcium chloride is often used as well. In this case, no chemical reaction occurs, instead the heat of solution is generated.

A typical self-heating can consists of 2 chambers and a lid: 1 for solid component; 1 for liquid. When you pierce the lid, the liquid component mixes with the solid one and starts an exothermic chemical reaction. The most common chemicals for the self heating can are Al + Mg + Zn or CaO (solid component), and HCl or H2O as liquid.

See also[edit]
Flameless ration heater
Beverage can
Self-heating food packaging

References[edit]

1.Jump up ^ Container with integral module for heating or cooling the contents - Patent 5461867

Books, general references[edit]
Yam, K.L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6

External links[edit]
An article on the concept
Single-serving coffee can heats itself
Will Self-Heating Coffee Be Cool?
BBC News Online - Hot drink can tested in Midlands
An article with photos on disassembly



[hide]
v •
t •
e
 

Packaging



General topics

Active packaging •
Child-resistant packaging •
Food packaging •
Package pilferage •
Package testing •
Packaging engineering •
Pharmaceutical packaging •
Reusable packaging •
Shelf life •
Tamper-evident •
Tamper resistance •
Wrap rage
 


Containers

Aerosol spray •
Aluminium bottle •
Aluminum can •
Ampoule •
Antistatic bag •
Bag-in-box •
Barrel •
Biodegradable bag •
Blister pack •
Bottle •
Box •
Bulk box •
Carboy •
Carton •
Chub •
Clamshell •
Corrugated box design •
Crate •
Drum •
Envelope •
Flexible intermediate bulk container •
Foam food container •
Folding carton •
Insulated shipping container •
Intermediate bulk container •
Jar •
Juicebox •
Keg •
Multi-pack •
Padded mailer •
Pail •
Paper bag •
Paper sack •
Plastic bag •
Plastic bottle •
Popcorn bag •
Retort pouch •
Sachet •
Self-heating can •
Self-heating food packaging •
Shipping container •
Skin pack •
Spray bottle •
Tin can •
Tube •
Unit load •
Wooden box
 


Materials and
components

Adhesive •
Aluminium foil •
BoPET •
Bubble wrap •
Cellophane •
Closure •
Coated paper •
Corrugated fiberboard •
Corrugated plastic •
Cushioning •
Desiccant •
Foam peanut •
Glass •
Hot-melt adhesive •
Label •
Linear low-density polyethylene •
Liquid packaging board •
Low-density polyethylene •
Metallised film •
Modified atmosphere •
Molded pulp •
Nonwoven fabric •
Overwrap •
Oxygen scavenger •
Packaging gas •
Pallet •
Paper •
Paper pallet •
Paperboard •
Plastic film •
Plastic pallet •
Plastic wrap •
Polyester •
Polyethylene •
Polypropylene •
Pressure-sensitive tape •
Screw cap •
Screw cap (wine) •
Security printing •
Security seal •
Shock and vibration data logger •
Shrink wrap •
Slip sheet •
Strapping •
Stretch wrap •
Susceptor •
Temperature data logger •
Time temperature indicator •
Tinplate •
Velostat
 


Processes

Aseptic processing •
Authentication •
Automatic identification and data capture •
Blow fill seal •
Blow molding •
Calendering •
Canning •
Containerization •
Curtain Coating •
Die cutting •
Electronic article surveillance •
Extrusion •
Extrusion coating •
Graphic design •
HACCP •
Hermetic seal •
Induction sealing •
Injection molding •
Laminating •
Laser cutting •
Molding •
Papermaking •
Plastic welding •
Plastics extrusion •
Printing •
Quality assurance •
Radio-frequency identification •
Roll slitting •
Shearing (manufacturing) •
Track and trace •
Vacuum forming •
Ultrasonic welding •
Vacuum packaging •
Verification and validation
 


Machinery

Barcode printer •
Barcode reader •
Bottling line •
Can seamer •
Cartoning machine •
Check weigher •
Conveyor system •
Extended core stretch wrapper •
Filler •
Heat gun •
Heat sealer •
Industrial robot •
Injection molding machine •
Label printer applicator •
Lineshaft roller conveyor •
Logistics automation •
Material handling equipment •
Mechanical brake stretch wrapper •
Multihead weigher •
Orbital stretch wrapping •
Palletizer •
Rotary wheel blow molding systems •
Shrink tunnel •
Staple gun •
Tape dispenser •
Turntable stretch wrapper •
Vertical form fill sealing machine
 


Environment,
post-use

Biodegradation •
Environmental engineering •
Glass recycling •
Industrial ecology •
Life-cycle assessment •
Litter •
Paper recycling •
Plastic recycling •
Recycling •
Reusable packaging •
Source reduction •
Sustainable packaging •
Waste management
 

 



Categories: Canned food
Food storage containers
Serving and dining



Navigation menu




Create account
Log in




Article


Talk











Read


Edit


View history











    







Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop


Interaction

Help

One is not amused due to the jokes made against me earlier in this forum.
I would like for whom ever made these sly comments about myself to kindly withdraw them; otherwise I shall have the police involved on 'ageist and wrinkleist discriminatory charges'.

Yours

- Prof. McGonogall

PS: A message to all first year students:
Steer clear of the first floor. it is strictly out of bounds. For anyone who dares to enter... expect to die a horrible. Painful. Sexy Death.

Shut up, you stupid woman. *[***] SLAP*

I can't wait to do PE...... naked.

Hey its rick do you wanna bum?

Hi Rick, I like watermelons

*Water melons* you dumb ape there is a god damn space inbetween!

Heil comma!

I'm back, bitchez. I have been promoted to [The Ultimate Moderator]. Bow before me, AND 000000000000000000000 for the rest of eternity.

I will rupture your anal cavity. Very deep inside

Keeps calling and hangs up when i answer. What a stupid number they have!!

Kiske number hai
000000 ye

They called me today telling that they are wordwide marketing providers and was informed from the net about my small company.  Asked me age and some other things, but i dont know why they were very interested to know my ethnic background!!! I told them that I was looking in the net and they seemed to be scamers  while talking to her on the phone and she hang up

I have been in all day today and these people have phoned me 5 times and its only 2.30pm i asked the women on the phone on the last call to take us off the phone list she said i cant do that i asked why and she just started to shout down the phone at me i told her if they dont take me  off i will report her and company.Not happy.....

If you can figure out a way to report a caller who uses a number consisting only of 0s and whose name you do not know, please post here for the rest of us.